The mechanism of action of hesperidin in the treatment of diabetes involves multiple aspects, including anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidation, improvement of insulin resistance, regulation of blood lipids, anti-atherosclerosis (AS), anti-diabetic complications, etc.
1. Anti-inflammatory effect: Hesperidin can reduce the recruitment of inflammatory cells and the production of inflammatory factors, thereby alleviating the inflammatory response. For example, it can reduce the levels of inflammatory markers such as tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) in arthritic rats, indicating that it may play an anti-inflammatory role by inhibiting inflammatory signaling pathways.
2. Antioxidant effect: Hesperidin reduces oxidative stress and protects cells from free radical damage by increasing the activity of antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT).
3. Improve insulin resistance: Hesperidin can improve insulin resistance in diabetic models and reduce blood sugar levels by regulating enzymes and gene expressions related to glucose metabolism.
4. Regulating blood lipids: Hesperidin can regulate blood lipid levels, increase high-density lipoprotein (HDL) content, reduce total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and triglyceride (TG) levels, and help prevent and treat cardiovascular diseases related to diabetes.
5. Anti-atherosclerosis: Hesperidin reduces the formation of atherosclerotic plaques by inhibiting the formation of macrophage foam cells, anti-oxidation, and anti-inflammatory effects.
6. Anti-diabetic complications: Hesperidin has a preventive and therapeutic effect on complications such as diabetic nephropathy, diabetic neuropathy, and diabetic retinopathy, and may work through mechanisms such as improving renal function, reducing proteinuria, and inhibiting oxidative stress and inflammatory response.
7. Protective effect on the cardiovascular system: Hesperidin can protect the cardiovascular system by lowering blood pressure, regulating blood lipids, and anti-atherosclerosis.